Technology

In this section, we provide you with a wide range of basic information, such as various conversion tables, calculation formulae, tips and tricks for using the tools etc. We hope that this general information will be useful to you. Wise words of advice....you don’t need to know everything, you just need to know where to find out about it.

Tips & Tricks
Tables
Formulas

Tips & Tricks

ARE YOU HAVING PROBLEMS USING THE TOOLS?

Here, you can find a few general tips for using the tools. Every day, we are asked different questions about problems in using them. To make your life a little easier, we have compiled potential problems, causes and solutions for the appropriate tool area. There’s always an answer or reason for why a drill, thread cutter, milling cutter or reamer does not work as required. The key is to know exactly where to go to resolve the problem. We have summarised a few general examples of problems, their causes and their solutions to enable you to recognise your issue and the cause immediately, and the steps needed to choose the correct solution.

Drilling

Problem	Cause	Solutions
Borehole is too large	Feed rate is too high Chipping blockage Run-out defect on the drill used Grinds incorrectly	Reduce feed rate Use the correct tool Reduce run-out defect as much as possible Check grinding is correct
Burr at borehole exit	Cutting speed is too fast Wear limit width exceeded	Reduce feed rate Replace or re-sharpen tools in good time
Grat am Bohrungsaustritt	Feed rate is too high Verschleißmarkenbreite überschritten	Reduce cutting speed Use the correct core hole drill
Breakage of the cutting edge	Unstable working conditions Incorrect core hole drill Unstable workpiece clamping Wear limit width exeeded Feed rate is too high Lip clearance angle too great	Clear spindle clearance Use the correct core hole drill Check workpiece clamping Replace or re-sharpen tools in good time Reduce feed rate Carry out better re-sharpening
Fissure in the core	Impact on the chisel edge Drill tip too sharp Feed rate is too high Lip clearance angle too great	Correct cutting speed Re-sharpen correctly Reduce feed rate Re-sharpen correctly
Chisel edge wear	Cutting speed is too low Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Feed rate is too high	Correct cutting speed Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure good lubricating coolant composition Reduce feed rate
Built-up edge development	Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Cutting speed is too low uncoated tool	Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure good lubricating coolant composition Increase cutting speed Use a coated tool
Poor borehole surface quality	Feed rate is too low Inaccurate positioning	Increase feed rate Centre borehole in advance
Vibrations	Cutting speed is too high Feed rate is too low Unstable workpiece clamping Run-out error of the core hole drill is too great	Reduce cutting speed Increase feed rate Ensure stable workpiece clamping Reduce run-out error
Flank wear	Cutting speed is too high Feed rate is too low Clearance angle too small	Reduce cutting speed Increase feed rate Increase clearance angle
Corner wear	Excessive speed	Reduce speed to the optimum Possible increase in feed rate
Margin wear	Cutting speed is too high Run-out error of the core hole drill is too great Tool tapering is insufficient Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Reduce cutting speed Reduce run-out error Use tools that are more tapered Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure good lubricating coolant composition
Fluting edge breakage	Poor chip removal Drill bit is not stable in the chuck	Remove earlier Ensure that the drill bit is in the chuck
Stand length is insufficient	Incorrect cutting specifications Unstable workpiece clamping Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Ensure cutting specifications are correct Ensure stable workpiece clamping Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure good lubricating coolant composition

Thread Cutting

Problem	Cause	Solutions
Thread cutting	Incorrect thread cutter Incorrect tolerance Thread cutter is not centred Cutting speed is too high Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Core hole bore is too smal Chipping blockage Incorrect axial feed rate selected	Match the thread cutter to the correct material group Check the tolerance of the thread cutter and, if applicable, use another tool Check tool mount and position the centre of the thread cutter over the hole Reduce cutting speed Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure that the correct core hole bore is used (see core hole drill table) Use the correct tool shape Reduce feed rate to 5-10% and check the contact pressure of the thread cutter
Thread is too narrow	Incorrect thread cutter Incorrect tolerance Core hole bore is too small Thread is too narrow	Match the thread cutter to the correct material group Check the tolerance of the thread cutter and, if applicable, use another tool Ensure that the correct core hole bore is used (see core hole drill table) Ensure that the correct tool shape is used
Too much wear	Incorrect thread cutter Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Cutting speed is too high	Match the thread cutter to the correct material group and select the correct shape Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition Reduce cutting speed
Tool chipping off	Incorrect thread cutter Hardened surface Core hole bore is too narrow Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Match the thread cutter to the correct material group and select the correct shape Reduce speed, choose a coated tool, ensure good lubricating coolant composition ensure that the correct core hole bore is used (see core hole drill table) Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition
Thread surface is not clean	Chipping blockage Cold welding on the thread cutter flank Unsuitable tool shape Cutting speed is too high Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Ensure that the correct tool shape is used Remove cold welding or use another tool Ensure the correct thread cutter is used Reduce cutting speed Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition
Thread cutter breakage	Chip blockage or jam Tool shape unsuitable for the work Too much wear on the thread cutter Torque is too high Thread core hole is too narrow	Adapt choice of thread cutter to the work being carried out Ensure that the correct tool shape is used Replace the thread cutter in good time Use a thread cutter with overload coupling Ensure that the correct core hole bore is used (see core hole drill table)
Thread cutter overheating	Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Thread cutter is worn	Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition Replace the thread cutter in good time
Thread axially blended	Obtain left-rotating thread cutter for lower point pressure Strong right-rotating thread cutters have point pressure that is too strong	Keep thread cutter in the same pressure range as the thread cutter chuck. Stronger axial contact pressure when beginning to cut Only minimum contact pressure when beginning to cut

Reaming

Problem	Cause	Solutions
Diameter is too large	Cutting speed is too high Feed rate is too high Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Point is too short or very uneven Tool or machine spindle rotation incorrect Due to low-density or flexible structure, the working material enlarges	Reduce cutting speed Reduce feed rate Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition Lengthen point or reduce point angle Centrally clamp or guide the reamer. Use a reamer chuck Reduce reamer diameter
Diameter is too narrow	Cutting speed is too low Feed rate is too low Chip removal rate is too low Point is too long Tool is ground smooth The working material is of high density or has an inflexible structure Reamer of insufficient size Too much heat created when reaming. Contracting borehole Tool diameter too small	Increase cutting speed Increase feed rate Increase machining allowance Select a smaller point Check the tool and replace in good time Increase reamer diameter Select a higher allowance Increase lubricating coolant delivery Select the correct diameter
heavy wear	insufficient size	select a larger diameter
borehole is not round or is conical	Incorrect positioning in the machine spindle Alignment error between the tool and the borehole Asymmetrical point angle Incorrect tool run-out Clearance angle too great Point is not round Insufficient guide	Check the spindle and correct its position Use front-cutting reamers Re-sharpen point angle Centrally clamp tool, use reamer chuck and guide Reamer Reduce clearance angle when re-sharpening Evenly sharpen and round the point Guide more accurately or use guide reamers
Poor surface quality	Worn tool Front rake angle is too small Cutting speed is too low Feed rate is too low Workpiece tends to stick (built-up edge) Cutting exit is sharp-edged Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Cutting is uneven Defective point	Replace or re-sharpen tool in good time Re-sharpen correctly Increase cutting speed Increase feed rate Increase clearance angle and front rake angle; use highly fluid lubricant Round and smooth the borehole exit Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition Grind the point and guide piece to an evenly round shape or to a tapered shape Finely smooth or lap the point round and smooth the guide piece joint
The tool jams and breaks	Borehole is too narrow Bevel width is too great Shaft is too short Worn tool	Reduce material cross-section Check the tool and replace if necessary Check the tool and replace if necessary Replace or re-sharpen tool in good time
Chatter marks in the borehole	Cutting speed is too high Feed rate is too low, is uneven or interrupted Chip removal rate is too slow or is uneven Incorrect run-out Insufficient guidance Tool or workpiece clamping is not stable Clearance angle too great	Reduce cutting speed Increase feed rate, perform rotation and feed motion evenly and at the same time Increase tool dimensions Check tool and spindle run-out. Clamp cylindrically Use a guide reamer or reamer chuck Clamp firmly When re-sharpening, reduce the point clearance angle
Borehole exit too narrow	Feed rate when removing the reamer from the borehole is too high	Reduce feed rate shortly before passing through or use even feed rate
Broken off or deformed driver	Incorrect position between shaft and clamping device	Keep shaft and clamping device clean and undamaged

Milling

Problem	Cause	Solutions
Vibrations on the milling cutter	Cutting speed is too high Feed rate is too low Tool clamping is not unstable Tool is too long Tool is too unstable Flute length too great	Increase cutting speed Increase feed rate Check the clamping device or replace If possible, choose the quickest possible process Use a stronger shaft If possible, choose the quickest possible process
Vibrations on the workpiece	Clamping is not stable enough	Check tool clamping and optimise if appropriate
Cutter breakage	Tool wear Incorrect cutting specifications Vibrations Conventional millingn Tool stability Workpiece stability	Replace or re-sharpen tool in good time Match cutting specifications to the work Reduce rotation speed Mill in synchronism If possible, choose the quickest possible process Check clamping device and optimise if appropriate
Breakage of the cutting edge	Tool stability Workpiece stability Vibrations Feed rate is too high Conventional milling Cutting material too brittle Incorrect tool	If possible, choose the quickest possible process Check clamping device and optimise if necessary Reduce rotation speed Reduce feed rate Mill in synchronism Replace with a tool made from a higher quality cutting material Select the tool according to the work
Milled flute is too small	Too much tool wear	Replace or re-sharpen tool in good time
Milled flute is too large	Tool run-out error	Minimise run-out error
Tool breakage	Machining cross-section is too large Feed rate is too high Tool is too long	Reduce or adjust feed rate per tooth Reduce feed rate If possible, choose the quickest possible process
Service life is too short	Reaming is too intense Incorrect tool chosen Incorrect front rake angle Lip clearance of the tool is incorrect	Use a coated tool Adjust tool to the work Select a tool with the correct front rake angle Correctly grind or re-sharpen the tool
Poor surface quality	Incorrect tool chosen Incorrect lubricating coolant delivery Feed rate is too high Rotation rate too low Built-up edge development Chip removal not at optimum Chips too large Tool wear	Adjust tool to the work Ensure correct lubricating coolant delivery Reduce feed rate Increase rotation speed Use tools with a greater twist angle Optimise lubricating coolant delivery Reduce machining cross-section Replace or re-sharpen tool in good time
Chatter marks on the surface	Tool run-out error Tool not stable Tool clamp unstable	Reduce run-out error Use a tool with a larger shaft Check the clamping device or replace
Extreme flank wear	Machining temperature too high Incorrect cutting material chosen	Reduce cutting speed Choose a tool made from a suitable cutting material
Too much tool wear	Incorrect cutting specifications Incorrect twist angle Conventional milling Incorrect tool	Match cutting specifications to the work Select a tool with the correct twist angle Use tool in synchronism Adjust tool to the work
Lengthways markings on the surface	Break-outs at the borehole boundary surface	Replace tool
Extreme crater wear	Cutting pressure too high Machining temperature too high	Reduce feed rate Reduce cutting speed

Sawing

Problem	Cause	Solutions
Too much wear	Teeth become blocked. Too many chips in the chip base Cut is not clean Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Select coarser tooth pitch Select finer tooth pitch and reduce cutting pressure Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition
Teeth breaking off	Poor chip removal Workpiece clamping is not stable Teeth catch in the working material	Select coarser tooth pitch Securely clamp the workpiece Select finer tooth pitch
Circular saw blade breakag	Blunt circular saw blade Incorrect point positioning	Replace or re-sharpen circular saw blade in good time Circular saw blade must already be running before it is placed onto the material to be cut
Sticking and jamming saw blade	Incorrect feed rate Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Adjust feed rate to material and conditions Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition

Ongoing Clearances

C8	C9	C10	C11	CD7	D7	D8	D9	D10	D11	D12	E7	E8	E9	EF8	F7	F8
1,07	1,07	1,08	1,10	1,04	1,02	1,03		1,04	1,06	1,08	1,02	1,02	1,03	1,02	1,01	1,01
2,07	2,07	2,08	2,10	2,04	2,02	2,03		2,04	2,06	2,08	2,02	2,02	2,03	2,02	2,01	2,01
3,07	3,07	3,08	3,10	3,04	3,02	3,03		3,04	3,06	3,08	3,02	3,02	3,03	3,02	3,01	3,01
4,08	4,09			4,05	4,04	4,04	4,05	4,306	4,08	4,10		4,03	4,04	4,03		4,02
5,08	5,09			5,05	5,04	5,04	5,05	5,06	5,08	5,10		5,03	5,04	5,03		5,02
6,08	6,09			6,05	6,04	6,04	6,05	6,06	6,08	6,10		6,03	6,04	6,03		6,02
7,09	7,10			7,06	7,05	7,05	7,06	7,08	7,10		7,03	7,04	7,05	7,03	7,02	7,03
8,09	8,10			8,06	8,05	8,05	8,06	8,08	8,10		8,03	8,04	8,05	8,03	8,02	8,03
9,09	9,10			9,06	9,05	9,05	9,06	9,02	9,10		9,03	9,04	9,05	9,03	9,02	9,03
10,09	10,10			10,06	10,05	10,05	10,06	10,08	10,10		10,03	10,04	10,05	10,03	10,02	10,03
					11,06		11,08	11,10			11,04	11,05	11,06			11,03
					12,06		12,08	12,10			12,04	12,05	12,06			12,03

F9	F10	G6	G7	H5	H6	H7	H8	H9	H10	H11	H12	H13	J6	J7	J8	JS7
1,02			1,01	1,00	1,00		1,01		1,02	1,04	1,06	1,09	1,00	1,00	1,00	1,00
2,02			2,01	2,00	2,00		2,01		2,02	2,04	2,06	2,09	2,00	2,00	2,00	2,00
3,02			3,01	3,00	3,00		3,01		3,02	3,04	3,06	3,09	3,00	3,00	3,00	3,00
4,03	4,04	4,01	4,01	4,00	4,00		4,01	4,02	4,03	4,05	4,08		4,00	4,00	4,00	4,00
5,03	5,04	5,01	5,01	5,00	5,00		5,01	5,02	5,03	5,05	5,08		5,00	5,00	5,00	5,00
6,03	6,04	6,01	6,01	6,00	6,00		6,01	6,02	6,03	6,05	6,08		6,00	6,00	6,00	6,00
	7,05	7,01	7,01	7,00	7,00	7,01	7,01	7,02	7,04	7,06	7,10		7,00	7,00	7,00	7,00
	8,05	8,01	8,01	8,00	8,00	8,01	8,01	8,02	8,04	8,06	8,10		8,00	8,00	8,00	8,00
	9,05	9,01	9,01	9,00	9,00	9,01	9,01	9,02	9,04	9,06	9,10		9,00	9,00	9,00	9,00
	10,05	10,01	10,01	10,00	10,00	10,01	10,02	10,02	10,04	10,06	10,10		10,00	10,00	10,00	10,00
11,04	11,06	11,01		11,00		11,01	11,02	11,03	11,05	11,07			11,00	11,00	11,00	11,00
12,04	12,06	12,01		12,00		12,01	12,02	12,03	12,05	12,07			12,00	12,00	12,00	12,00

JS8	JS9	K6	K7	K8	M6	M7	M8	N6	N7	N8	P6	P7	P8	R6	R7	S6
1,00	1,00			0,99			0,99	0,99	0,99	0,99	0,99	0,99	0,99			0,98
2,00	2,00			1,99			1,99	1,99	1,99	1,99	1,99	1,99	1,99			1,98
3,00	3,00			2,99			2,99	2,99	2,99	2,99	2,99	2,99	2,99			2,98
4,00	4,00	4,00	4,00	4,00	3,99		3,99	3,99	3,99	3,99			3,98			3,98
5,00	5,00	5,00	5,00	5,00	4,99		4,99	4,99	4,99	4,99			4,98			4,98
6,00	6,00	6,00	6,00	6,00	5,99		5,99	5,99	5,99	5,99			5,98			5,99
7,00			7,00	7,00	6,99	6,99	6,99		6,99	6,99				6,98	6,98
8,00			8,00	8,00	7,99	7,99	7,99		7,99	7,99				7,98	7,98
9,00			9,00	9,00	8,99	8,99	8,99		8,99	8,99				8,98	8,98
10,00			10,00	10,00	9,99	9,99	9,99		9,99	9,99				9,98	9,98
11,00			11,00	11,00	10,99	10,99	10,99		10,99	10,99	10,98	10,98	10,97			10,97
12,00			12,00	12,00	11,99		11,99		11,99	11,99	11,98	11,98	11,97			11,97

S7	U6	U7	X7	X8	X9	Z7	Z8	Z9	Z10	ZA7	ZA8	ZB8	ZB9
0,98	0,98	0,98		0,97	0,97	0,97	0,97		0,96	0,96		0,95	0,95
1,98	1,98	1,98		1,97	1,97	1,97	1,97		1,96	1,96		1,95	1,95
2,98	2,98	2,98		2,97	2,97	2,97	2,97		2,96	2,96		2,95	2,95
3,98			3,97		3,96	3,96	3,96	3,95	3,95	3,95		3,94	3,94
4,98			4,97		4,96	4,96	4,96	4,95	4,95	4,95		4,94	4,94
5,98			5,97		5,96	5,96	5,96	5,95	5,95	5,95		5,94	5,94
	6,97	6,97		6,96	6,95	6,95	6,95		6,94	6,94	6,94		6,92
	7,97	7,97		7,96	7,95	7,95	7,95		7,94	7,94	7,94		7,92
	8,97	8,97		8,96	8,95	8,95	8,95		8,94	8,94	8,94		8,92
	9,97	9,97		9,96	9,95	9,95	9,95		9,94	9,94	9,94		9,92
10,97			10,96	10,95		10,95	10,94		10,93		10,93	10,90	10,90
11,97			11,96	11,95		11,95	11,94		11,93		11,93	11,90	11,90

Tolerances and Clearances

Clearances by Diameter (consecutive)
Diameter / mm	Clearances
0,95	ZB8	ZB9
0,96	Z10	ZA7
0,97	X8	X9	Z7	Z8
0,98	K8	S6	S7	U7
0,99	M8	N6	N7	N8	P6	P7	P8	K8

1,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9
1,01	F7	F8	G7	H8
1,02	D7	E7	E8	EF8	F9	H10
1,03	D8	E9
1,04	CD7	D10	H11
1,05
1,06	D11	H12
1,07	C8	C9
1,08	C10	D12
1,09	H13
1,10	C11
1,95	ZB8	ZB9
1,96	Z10	ZA7
1,97	X8	X9	Z7	Z8
1,98	S6	S7	U6	U7
1,99	K8	M8	N6	N7	N8	P6	P7	P8

2,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9
2,01	F7	F8	G7	H8
2,02	D7	E7	E8	EF8	F9	H10
2,03	D8	E9
2,04	CD7	D10	H10
2,05
2,06	D11	H12
2,07	C8	C9
2,08	C10	D12
2,09	H13
2,10	C11
2,95	ZB8	ZB9
2,96	Z10	ZA7
2,97	X8	X9	Z7	Z8
2,98	S6	S7	U6	U7
2,99	K8	M8	N6	N7	N8	P6	P7	P8

3,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9
3,01	F7	F8	G7	H8
3,02	D7	E7	E8	EF8	F9	H10
3,03	D8	E9
3,04	CD7	D10	H11
3,05
3,06	D11	H12
3,07	C8	C9
3,08	C10	D12
3,09	H13
3,10	C11
3,94	ZB8	ZB9
3,95	Z9	Z10
3,96	X9	Z7	Z8	ZA7
3,97	X7
3,98	P8	S6	S7
3,99	M6	M8	N6	N7	N8

4,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9	K6	K7	K8
4,01	G6	G7	H8
4,02	F8	H9
4,03	E8	EF8	F9	H10
4,04	D7	D8	E9	F10
4,05	CD7	D9	H11
4,06	D10
4,07
4,08	C8	D11	H12
4,09	C9
4,10	D12
4,94	ZB8	ZB9
4,95	Z9	Z10
4,96	X9	Z7	Z8	ZA7
4,97	X7
4,98	P8	S6	S7
4,99	M6	M8	N6	N7	N8

5,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9	K6	K7	K8
5,01	G6	G7	H8
5,02	F8	H9
5,03	E8	EF8	F9	H10
5,04	D7	D8	E9	F10
5,05	CD7	D9	H11
5,06	D10
5,07
5,08	C8	D11	H12
5,09	C9
5,10	D12
5,94	ZB8	ZB9
5,95	Z9	ZB9
5,96	X9	Z7	Z8	ZA7
5,97	X7
5,98	P8	S6	S7
5,99	M6	M8	N6	N7	N8

6,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9	K6	K7	K8
6,01	G6	G7	H8
6,02	F8	H9
6,03	E8	EF8	F9	H10
6,04	D7	D8	E9	F10
6,05	CD7	D9	H11
6,06	D10
6,07
6,08	C8	D11	H12
6,09	C9
6,10	D12
6,92	ZB9
6,94	Z10	ZA7	ZA8
6,95	X9	Z7	Z8
6,96	X8
6,97	U6	U7
6,98	R6	R7
6,99	M6	M7	M8	N7	N8

7,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	K7	K8
7,01	G6	G7	H7	H8
7,02	F7	H9
7,03	E7	EF8	F8
7,04	E8	H10
7,05	D7	D8	E9	F10
7,06	CD7	D9	H11
7,07
7,08	D10
7,09	C8
7,10	C9	D11	H12
7,92	ZB9
7,94	Z10	ZA7	ZA8
7,95	X9	Z7	Z8
7,96	X8
7,97	U6	U7
7,98	R6	R7
7,99	M6	M7	M8	N7	N8

8,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	K7	K8
8,01	G6	G7	H7	H8
8,02	F7	H9
8,03	E7	EF8	F8
8,04	E8	H10
8,05	D7	D8	E9	F10
8,06	CD7	D9	H11
8,07
8,08	D10
8,09	C8
8,10	C9	D11	H12
8,92	ZB9
8,94	Z10	ZA7	ZA8
8,95	X9	Z7	Z8
8,96	X8
8,97	U6	U7
8,98	R6	R7
8,99	M6	M7	M8	N7	N8

9,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	K7	K8
9,01	G6	G7	H7	H8
9,02	D10	F7	H9
9,03	E7	EF8	F8
9,04	E8	H10
9,05	D7	D8	E9	F10
9,06	CD7	D9	H11
9,07
9,08
9,09	C8
9,10	C9	D11	H12
9,92	ZB9
9,94	Z10	ZA7	ZA8
9,95	X9	Z7	Z8
9,96	X8
9,97	U6	U7
9,98	R6	R7
9,99	M6	M7	M8	N7	N8

10,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	K7	K8
10,01	G6	G7	H7
10,02	F7	H8	H9
10,03	E7	EF8	F8
10,04	E8	H10
10,05	D7	D8	E9	F10
10,06	CD7	D9	H11
10,07
10,08	D10
10,09	C8
10,10	C9	D10	H12
10,90	ZB8	ZB9
10,93	Z10	ZA8
10,94	Z8
10,95	X8	Z7
10,96	X7
10,97	P8	S6	S7
10,98	P6	P7
10,99	M6	M7	M8	N7	N8

11,00	H5	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	K7	K8
11,01	G6	H7
11,02	H8
11,03	F8	H9
11,04	E7	F9
11,05	E8	H10
11,06	D7	E9	F10
11,07	H11
11,08	D9
11,09
11,10	D10
11,90	ZB8	ZB9
11,93	Z10	ZA8
11,94	Z8
11,95	X8	Z7
11,96	X7
11,97	P8	S6	S7
11,98	P6	P7
11,99	M6	M8	N7	N8

Core Hole Table

Metric ISO thread DIN 13
M	PITCH	THREAD CUTTER	FORMING TAP
1,0	0,25	0,75	0,90
1,1	0,25	0,85	1,00
1,2	0,25	0,95	1,10
1,4	0,30	1,10	1,25
1,6	0,35	1,25	1,65
1,8	0,35	1,45	1,65
2,0	0,40	1,60	1,85
2,2	0,45	1,75	2,00
2,5	0,45	2,05	2,30
3,0	0,50	2,50	2,80
3,5	0,60	2,90	3,25
4,0	0,70	3,30	3,70
4,5	0,75	3,70
5,0	0,80	4,20	4,65
6,0	1,00	5,00	5,55
7,0	1,00	6,00
8,0	1,25	6,80	7,45
9,0	1,25	7,80
10	1,50	8,50	9,35
11	1,50	9,50
12	1,75	10,20	11,20
14	2,00	12,00	13,10
16	2,00	14,00	15,10
18	2,50	15,50	16,90
20	2,50	17,50	18,90
22	2,50	19,50
24	3,00	21,00
27	3,00	24,00
30	3,50	26,50
33	3,50	29,50
36	4,00	32,00
39	4,00	35,00
42	4,50	37,50
45	4,50	40,50
48	5,00	43,00
52	5,00	47,00
56	5,50	50,50
60	5,50	54,50
64	6,00	58,00
68	6,00	62,00

Metric ISO fine thread DIN 13
MF	PITCH	THREAD CUTTER	FORMING TAP
2,0	0,25	1,75
2,2	0,25	1,95
2,3	0,25	2,05
2,5	0,35	2,15
2,6	0,35	2,20
3,0	0,35	2,65
3,5	0,35	3,15
4,0	0,35	3,65
4,0	0,50	3,50	3,80
5,0	0,50	4,50	4,80
6,0	0,50	5,50	5,80
6,0	0,75	5,20	5,65
7,0	0,75	6,20
8,0	0,50	7,50
8,0	0,75	7,20	7,65
8,0	1,00	7,00	7,55
9,0	0,75	8,20
9,0	1,00	8,00
10	0,50	9,50
10	0,75	9,20
10	1,00	9,00	9,55
10	1,25	8,80
11	1,00	10,00
12	0,75	11,20
12	1,00	11,00	11,55
12	1,25	10,80
12	1,50	10,50	11,35
13	1,00	12,00
14	1,00	13,00
14	1,25	12,80
14	1,50	12,50	13,35
15	1,00	14,00
15	1,50	13,50
16	1,00	15,00	15,55
16	1,50	14,50	15,35
18	1,00	17,00	17,55
18	1,50	16,50	17,35
18	2,00	16,00
20	1,00	19,00	19,55
20	1,50	18,50	19,35
20	2,00	18,00
22	1,00	21,00
22	1,50	20,50	21,35
22	2,00	20,00
24	1,00	23,00
24	1,50	22,50	23,35
24	2,00	22,00
25	1,00	24,00
25	1,50	23,50
26	1,50	24,50	25,35
27	1,50	25,50
27	2,00	24,00
28	1,50	26,50	27,35
28	2,00	26,00
30	1,00	29,00
30	1,50	28,50	29,35
30	2,00	28,00
32	1,50	30,50
33	1,50	31,50
33	2,00	31,00
34	1,50	32,50
35	1,50	33,50
36	1,50	34,50
36	2,00	34,00
36	3,00	33,00
38	1,50	36,50
39	1,50	37,50
39	2,00	37,00
39	3,00	36,00
40	1,50	38,50
40	2,00	38,00
40	3,00	37,00
42	1,50	40,50
42	2,00	40,00
42	3,00	39,00
45	1,50	43,50
45	2,00	43,00
45	3,00	42,00
48	1,50	46,50
48	2,00	46,00
48	3,00	45,00
50	1,50	48,50
52	1,50	50,50
52	2,00	50,00
52	3,00	49,00
63	1,50	61,50

British Standard Whitworth thread DIN ISO 228/1
G	PITCH	THREAD CUTTER	FORMING TAP
1/8"	28	8,80	9,25
1/4"	19	11,80	12,55
3/8"	19	15,25	16,05
1/2"	14	19,00	20,05
5/8"	14	21,00
3/4"	14	24,50
7/8"	14	28,25
1"	11	30,75
1 1/8"	11	35,30
1 1/4"	11	39,25
1 3/4"	11	41,70
1 1/2"	11	45,25
1 3/4"	11	51,10
2"	11	57,00
2 1/4"	11	63,10
2 1/2"	11	72,60
2 3/4"	11	78,90
3"	11	85,30
3 1/4"	11	91,50
3 1/2"	11	97,70
3 3/4"	11	104,00
4"	11	110,40

American Coarse thread ASME B1.1
UNC	THREAT CUTTER
1-64	1,55
2-56	1,85
3-48	2,10
4-40	2,35
5-40	2,65
6-32	2,85
8-32	3,50
10-24	3,90
12-24	4,50
1/4"-20	5,10
5/16"-18	6,60
3/8"-16	8,00
7/16"-14	9,40
1/2"-13	10,80
9/16"-12	12,20
5/8"-11	13,50
3/4"-10	16,50
7/8"-9	19,50
1"-8	22,25
1 1/8"-7	25,00
1 1/4"-7	28,00
1 3/8"-6	30,75
1 1/2"-6	34,00
1 3/4"-5	39,50
2"-4 1/2	45,00
2 1/4"-4 1/2	51,50
2 1/2"-4	57,25
2 3/4"-4	63,50
3"-4	70,00
3 1/4"-4	76,20
3 1/2"-4	82,60
3 3/4"-4	88,90
4"-4	95,25

American Fine thread ASME B1.1
UNF	THREAT CUTTER
0-80	1,25
1-72	1,55
2-64	1,90
3-56	2,15
4-48	2,40
5-44	2,70
6-40	2,95
8-36	3,50
10-32	4,10
12-28	4,70
1/4"-28	5,50
5/16"-24	6,90
3/8"-24	8,50
7/16"-20	9,90
1/2"-20	11,50
9/16"-18	12,90
5/8"-18	14,50
3/4"-16	17,50
7/8"-14	20,40
1"-12	23,25
1 1/8"-12	26,50
1 1/4"-12	29,50
1 1/3"-12	32,75
1 1/2"-12	36,00

Steel conduit pipe thread DIN 40 430
Pg	NUMBER OF THREADS	THREAD CUTTER
7	20	11,40
9	18	14,00
11	18	17,25
13,5	18	19,00
16	18	21,25
21	16	27,00
29	16	35,50
36	16	45,50
42	16	52,50
48	16	58,00

American Tapered pipe thread 1:16
NPT	NUMBER OF THREADS	THREAD CUTTER	FORMING TAP	MINIMUM DEPTH
1/16"	27	6,15	5,95	12,0
1/8"	27	8,50	8,25	12,0
1/4"	18	11,00	10,75	17,5
3/8"	18	14,50	14,10	17,6
1/2"	14	17,85	17,50	22,9
3/4"	14	23,20	22,70	23,0
1"	11 1/2	29,00	28,60	27,4
1 1/4"	11,5	37,80	37,30	28,1
1 1/2"	11,5	44,00	43,40	28,4
2"	11,5	56,00	55,50	28,4

British Standard Whitworth thread BS 84
BSW	NUMBER OF THREADS	THREAD CUTTER
1/16"	60	1,15
3/32"	48	1,80
1/8"	40	2,60
5/32"	32	3,10
3/16"	24	3,60
7/32"	24	4,40
1/4"	20	5,10
5/16"	18	6,50
3/8"	16	7,90
7/16"	14	9,30
1/2"	12	10,50
9/16"	12	12,00
5/8"	11	13,50
3/4"	10	16,50
7/8"	9	19,25
1"	8	22,00
1 1/8"	7	24,75
1 1/4"	7	27,75
1 3/8"	6	30,20
1 1/2"	6	33,50
1 5/8"	5	35,50
1 3/4"	5	38,50
1 7/8"	4 1/2	41,50
2"	4 1/2	44,50
2 1/4"	4	50,00
2 1/2"	4	56,60
2 3/4"	3 1/2	62,00
3"	3 1/2	68,00

Conversion Table HB/HRB/HRC

Conversion Table - Hardness
Tensile Strength	Vickers Hardness	Brinell Hardness	Rockwell Hardness
MPA (=N/mm2)	HV10	HB	HRB	HRF	HRC	HRA	HRD	HR15N	HR30N	HR45N
255	80	76,0
270	85	80,7	41,0
285	90	85,5	48,0	82,6
305	95	90,2	52,0
320	100	95,0	56,2	87,0
335	105	99,8
350	110	105	62,3	90,5
370	115	109
385	120	114	66,7	93,6
400	125	119
415	130	124	71,2	96,4
430	135	128
450	140	133	75,0	99,0
465	145	138
480	150	143	78,7	101,4
495	155	147
510	160	152	81,7	103,6
530	165	156
545	170	162	85,0	105,5
560	175	166
575	180	171	87,1	107,2
595	185	176
610	190	181	89,5	108,7
625	195	185
640	200	190	91,5	110,1
660	205	195	92,5
675	210	199	93,5	111,3
690	215	204	95,0	112,4
705	220	209	95,0	112,4
720	225	214	96,0
740	230	219	96,7	113,4
755	235	223
770	240	228	98,1	114,3	20,3	60,7	40,3	63,6	41,7	19,9
785	245	233			21,3	61,2	41,1	70,1	42,5	21,1
800	250	238	99,5	115,1	22,2	61,6	41,7	70,6	43,4	22,2
820	255	242			23,1	62,0	42,2	71,1	44,2	23,2
835	260	247	101		24,0	62,4	43,1	71,6	45,0	24,3
850	265	252			24,8	62,7	43,7	72,1	45,7	25,2
865	270	257	102		25,6	63,1	44,3	72,6	46,4	26,2
880	275	261			26,4	63,5	44,9	73,0	47,2	27,1
900	280	266	104		27,1	63,8	45,3	73,4	47,8	27,9
915	285	271			27,8	64,2	46,0	73,8	48,4	28,7
930	290	276	105		28,5	64,5	46,5	74,2	49,0	29,5
950	295	280			29,2	64,8	47,1	74,6	49,7	30,4
965	300	285			29,8	65,2	47,5	74,9	50,2	31,1
995	310	295			31,0	65,8	48,4	75,6	51,3	32,5
1030	320	304			32,2	66,4	49,4	76,2	52,3	33,9
1060	330	314			33,3	67,0	50,2	76,8	53,6	35,2
1095	340	323			34,4	67,6	51,1	77,4	54,4	36,5
1125	350	333			35,5	68,1	51,9	78,0	55,4	36,5
1155	360	342			36,6	68,7	52,8	78,6	56,4	39,1
1190	370	352			37,7	69,2	53,6	79,2	57,4	40,4
1220	380	361			38,8	69,8	54,4	79,8	58,4	41,7
1255	390	371			39,8	70,3	55,3	80,3	59,3	42,9
1290	400	380			40,8	70,8	56,0	80,8	60,2	44,1
1320	410	390			41,8	71,4	56,8	81,4	61,1	45,3
1350	420	399			42,7	71,8	57,5	81,8	61,9	46,4
1385	430	409			43,6	72,3	58,2	82,3	63,7	47,4
1420	440	418			44,5	72,8	58,8	82,8	63,5	49,4
1485	460	437			46,1	73,6	60,1	83,6	64,9	50,4
1520	470	447			46,9	74,1	60,7	83,9	65,7	51,3
1555	480	456			47,7	74,5	61,3	84,3	66,4	52,2
1595	490	466			48,4	74,9	61,6	84,7	67,1	53,1
1630	500	475			49,1	75,3	62,2	85,0	67,7	53,9
1665	510	485			49,8	75,7	62,9	85,4	68,3	54,7
1700	520	494			50,5	76,1	63,5	85,7	69,0	55,6
1740	530	504			51,1	76,7	64,4	86,3	70,0	57,0
1810	550	523			52,3	77,0	64,8	86,6	70,5	57,8
1845	560	532			53,0	77,4	65,4	86,9	71,2	58,6
1880	570	542			53,6	77,8	65,8	87,2	71,7	59,3
1920	580	551			54,1	78,0	66,2	87,5	72,1	59,9
1955	590	561			54,7	78,4	66,7	87,8	72,7	60,5
1995	600	570			55,2	78,6	67,0	88,0	73,2	61,2
2030	610	580			55,7	78,9	67,5	88,2	73,7	61,7
2070	620	589			56,3	79,2	67,9	88,5	74,2	62,4
2105	630	599			56,8	79,5	68,3	88,8	74,6	63,0
2145	640	608			57,3	79,8	68,7	89,0	75,1	63,5
2189	650	519			57,8	80,0	69,0	89,2	75,5	64,1
	660				58,3	80,3	69,4	89,5	75,9	64,7
	670				58,8	80,6	69,8	89,7	76,4	65,3
	680				59,2	80,8	70,1	89,8	76,8	65,7
	690				59,7	81,1	70,5	90,1	77,2	66,2
	700				60,1	81,3	70,8	90,3	77,6	66,7
	720				61,0	81,8	71,5	90,7	78,4	67,7
	740				61,8	82,2	72,1	91,0	79,1	68,6
	760				62,5	82,6	72,6	91,2	79,7	69,4
	780				63,3	83,0	73,3	91,5	80,4	70,2
	800				64,0	83,4	73,8	91,8	81,1	71,0
	820				64,7	83,8	74,3	92,1	81,7	71,8
	840				65,3	84,1	74,8	92,3	82,2	72,2
	860				65,9	84,4	75,3	92,5	82,7	73,1
	880				66,4	84,7	75,7	92,7	83,1	73,6
	900				67,0	85,0	76,1	92,9	83,6	74,2

Conversion Table Inches to Metric

Conversion Table Inches to Metric
Diameter
Inches	mm	Inches	mm
.314	8,0	3.000	76,2
.375	9,5	3.149	80,0
.393	10,0	3.500	88,9
.472	12,0	3.937	100,0
.500	12,7	4.000	101,6
.625	15,9	4.921	125,0
.630	16,0	5.000	127,0
.750	19,1	6.000	152,4
.787	20,0	6.299	160,0
.875	22,2	7.000	177,8
.984	25,0	7.874	200,0
1.000	25,4	8.000	203,2
1.259	32,0	9.842	250,0
1.500	38,1	10.000	254,0
1.968	50,0	12.000	304,8
2.000	50,8	12.401	315,0
2.480	63,0	14.000	355,5
2.500	63,5	15.748	400,0

Speed & Feed Rate

Description	Formula	Key
Rotation speed		D = diameter f = feed rate fz= tooth feed rate n = rotation speed vc = cutting speed vf = feed rate speed z = number of teeth π = 3,14159...
Cutting speed
Feed rate per tooth
Feed rate per rotation
Feed rate speed

Strength, power and momentum in machining

Description	Formula	Key
ONLY FOR DRILLING INTO SOLID MATERIALS		D = external diameter fc = cutting force fcz= cutting force per tooth Md = torque Pa = driving power Pc = cutting performance ap = cutting depth b = chip width d = internal diameter D1max = max. external diameter d2 = internal diameter f = feed rate fz = tooth feed rate fB = process factor: drilling fSE = process factor: countersinking h = chip thickness kc = specific cutting force vc = cutting speed z = number of teeth η = level of efficiency
Cutting force per tooth
Cutting performance
Torque
ONLY FOR COUNTERBORING AND COUNTERSINKING
Cutting force per tooth
Cutting performance
Torque

Milling

Description	Formula	Key
Chip volumes over time		Dc= cutting diameter ae= radial cutting width ap= axial cutting depth fz= tooth feed rate De= effective cutting diameter vc= cutting speed Q = chip volumes over time I = working length Vf= feed rate speed hm= average chip thickness kr= cut entering angle Pa= driving power kc= specific cutting force ηmt = level of efficienc Tc= processing time
Average chip thickness (Face and step milling) wenn a_e / D_c ≤ 0.1
Driving power
Average chip thickness wenn a_e / D_c ≥ 0.1
Processing time

Mathematical determination of the cutting specifications for thread milling

Description	Formula	Key
ONLY FOR MILLING		n = spindle rotation speed vc = cutting speed d = milling cutter diameter D = internal thread diameter vf = feed rate at contour vfm = feed rate at centre Ueint= programmed immersion feed rate fz= feed rate per tooth z = milling cutter cutting rate
Milling external contour
Milling internal contour
Straight immersion
Immerse in the circular arc

Formulae

Symbol	Description	Metric
R_th	Roughness depth	mm

Technology

Tips & Tricks
Tables
Formulas

Tips & Tricks

ARE YOU HAVING PROBLEMS USING THE TOOLS?

Drilling

Problem	Cause	Solutions
Borehole is too large	Feed rate is too high Chipping blockage Run-out defect on the drill used Grinds incorrectly	Reduce feed rate Use the correct tool Reduce run-out defect as much as possible Check grinding is correct
Burr at borehole exit	Cutting speed is too fast Wear limit width exceeded	Reduce feed rate Replace or re-sharpen tools in good time
Grat am Bohrungsaustritt	Feed rate is too high Verschleißmarkenbreite überschritten	Reduce cutting speed Use the correct core hole drill
Breakage of the cutting edge	Unstable working conditions Incorrect core hole drill Unstable workpiece clamping Wear limit width exeeded Feed rate is too high Lip clearance angle too great	Clear spindle clearance Use the correct core hole drill Check workpiece clamping Replace or re-sharpen tools in good time Reduce feed rate Carry out better re-sharpening
Fissure in the core	Impact on the chisel edge Drill tip too sharp Feed rate is too high Lip clearance angle too great	Correct cutting speed Re-sharpen correctly Reduce feed rate Re-sharpen correctly
Chisel edge wear	Cutting speed is too low Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Feed rate is too high	Correct cutting speed Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure good lubricating coolant composition Reduce feed rate
Built-up edge development	Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Cutting speed is too low uncoated tool	Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure good lubricating coolant composition Increase cutting speed Use a coated tool
Poor borehole surface quality	Feed rate is too low Inaccurate positioning	Increase feed rate Centre borehole in advance
Vibrations	Cutting speed is too high Feed rate is too low Unstable workpiece clamping Run-out error of the core hole drill is too great	Reduce cutting speed Increase feed rate Ensure stable workpiece clamping Reduce run-out error
Flank wear	Cutting speed is too high Feed rate is too low Clearance angle too small	Reduce cutting speed Increase feed rate Increase clearance angle
Corner wear	Excessive speed	Reduce speed to the optimum Possible increase in feed rate
Margin wear	Cutting speed is too high Run-out error of the core hole drill is too great Tool tapering is insufficient Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Reduce cutting speed Reduce run-out error Use tools that are more tapered Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure good lubricating coolant composition
Fluting edge breakage	Poor chip removal Drill bit is not stable in the chuck	Remove earlier Ensure that the drill bit is in the chuck
Stand length is insufficient	Incorrect cutting specifications Unstable workpiece clamping Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Ensure cutting specifications are correct Ensure stable workpiece clamping Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure good lubricating coolant composition

Thread Cutting

Problem	Cause	Solutions
Thread cutting	Incorrect thread cutter Incorrect tolerance Thread cutter is not centred Cutting speed is too high Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Core hole bore is too smal Chipping blockage Incorrect axial feed rate selected	Match the thread cutter to the correct material group Check the tolerance of the thread cutter and, if applicable, use another tool Check tool mount and position the centre of the thread cutter over the hole Reduce cutting speed Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure that the correct core hole bore is used (see core hole drill table) Use the correct tool shape Reduce feed rate to 5-10% and check the contact pressure of the thread cutter
Thread is too narrow	Incorrect thread cutter Incorrect tolerance Core hole bore is too small Thread is too narrow	Match the thread cutter to the correct material group Check the tolerance of the thread cutter and, if applicable, use another tool Ensure that the correct core hole bore is used (see core hole drill table) Ensure that the correct tool shape is used
Too much wear	Incorrect thread cutter Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Cutting speed is too high	Match the thread cutter to the correct material group and select the correct shape Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition Reduce cutting speed
Tool chipping off	Incorrect thread cutter Hardened surface Core hole bore is too narrow Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Match the thread cutter to the correct material group and select the correct shape Reduce speed, choose a coated tool, ensure good lubricating coolant composition ensure that the correct core hole bore is used (see core hole drill table) Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition
Thread surface is not clean	Chipping blockage Cold welding on the thread cutter flank Unsuitable tool shape Cutting speed is too high Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Ensure that the correct tool shape is used Remove cold welding or use another tool Ensure the correct thread cutter is used Reduce cutting speed Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition
Thread cutter breakage	Chip blockage or jam Tool shape unsuitable for the work Too much wear on the thread cutter Torque is too high Thread core hole is too narrow	Adapt choice of thread cutter to the work being carried out Ensure that the correct tool shape is used Replace the thread cutter in good time Use a thread cutter with overload coupling Ensure that the correct core hole bore is used (see core hole drill table)
Thread cutter overheating	Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Thread cutter is worn	Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition Replace the thread cutter in good time
Thread axially blended	Obtain left-rotating thread cutter for lower point pressure Strong right-rotating thread cutters have point pressure that is too strong	Keep thread cutter in the same pressure range as the thread cutter chuck. Stronger axial contact pressure when beginning to cut Only minimum contact pressure when beginning to cut

Reaming

Problem	Cause	Solutions
Diameter is too large	Cutting speed is too high Feed rate is too high Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Point is too short or very uneven Tool or machine spindle rotation incorrect Due to low-density or flexible structure, the working material enlarges	Reduce cutting speed Reduce feed rate Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition Lengthen point or reduce point angle Centrally clamp or guide the reamer. Use a reamer chuck Reduce reamer diameter
Diameter is too narrow	Cutting speed is too low Feed rate is too low Chip removal rate is too low Point is too long Tool is ground smooth The working material is of high density or has an inflexible structure Reamer of insufficient size Too much heat created when reaming. Contracting borehole Tool diameter too small	Increase cutting speed Increase feed rate Increase machining allowance Select a smaller point Check the tool and replace in good time Increase reamer diameter Select a higher allowance Increase lubricating coolant delivery Select the correct diameter
heavy wear	insufficient size	select a larger diameter
borehole is not round or is conical	Incorrect positioning in the machine spindle Alignment error between the tool and the borehole Asymmetrical point angle Incorrect tool run-out Clearance angle too great Point is not round Insufficient guide	Check the spindle and correct its position Use front-cutting reamers Re-sharpen point angle Centrally clamp tool, use reamer chuck and guide Reamer Reduce clearance angle when re-sharpening Evenly sharpen and round the point Guide more accurately or use guide reamers
Poor surface quality	Worn tool Front rake angle is too small Cutting speed is too low Feed rate is too low Workpiece tends to stick (built-up edge) Cutting exit is sharp-edged Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition Cutting is uneven Defective point	Replace or re-sharpen tool in good time Re-sharpen correctly Increase cutting speed Increase feed rate Increase clearance angle and front rake angle; use highly fluid lubricant Round and smooth the borehole exit Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition Grind the point and guide piece to an evenly round shape or to a tapered shape Finely smooth or lap the point round and smooth the guide piece joint
The tool jams and breaks	Borehole is too narrow Bevel width is too great Shaft is too short Worn tool	Reduce material cross-section Check the tool and replace if necessary Check the tool and replace if necessary Replace or re-sharpen tool in good time
Chatter marks in the borehole	Cutting speed is too high Feed rate is too low, is uneven or interrupted Chip removal rate is too slow or is uneven Incorrect run-out Insufficient guidance Tool or workpiece clamping is not stable Clearance angle too great	Reduce cutting speed Increase feed rate, perform rotation and feed motion evenly and at the same time Increase tool dimensions Check tool and spindle run-out. Clamp cylindrically Use a guide reamer or reamer chuck Clamp firmly When re-sharpening, reduce the point clearance angle
Borehole exit too narrow	Feed rate when removing the reamer from the borehole is too high	Reduce feed rate shortly before passing through or use even feed rate
Broken off or deformed driver	Incorrect position between shaft and clamping device	Keep shaft and clamping device clean and undamaged

Milling

Problem	Cause	Solutions
Vibrations on the milling cutter	Cutting speed is too high Feed rate is too low Tool clamping is not unstable Tool is too long Tool is too unstable Flute length too great	Increase cutting speed Increase feed rate Check the clamping device or replace If possible, choose the quickest possible process Use a stronger shaft If possible, choose the quickest possible process
Vibrations on the workpiece	Clamping is not stable enough	Check tool clamping and optimise if appropriate
Cutter breakage	Tool wear Incorrect cutting specifications Vibrations Conventional millingn Tool stability Workpiece stability	Replace or re-sharpen tool in good time Match cutting specifications to the work Reduce rotation speed Mill in synchronism If possible, choose the quickest possible process Check clamping device and optimise if appropriate
Breakage of the cutting edge	Tool stability Workpiece stability Vibrations Feed rate is too high Conventional milling Cutting material too brittle Incorrect tool	If possible, choose the quickest possible process Check clamping device and optimise if necessary Reduce rotation speed Reduce feed rate Mill in synchronism Replace with a tool made from a higher quality cutting material Select the tool according to the work
Milled flute is too small	Too much tool wear	Replace or re-sharpen tool in good time
Milled flute is too large	Tool run-out error	Minimise run-out error
Tool breakage	Machining cross-section is too large Feed rate is too high Tool is too long	Reduce or adjust feed rate per tooth Reduce feed rate If possible, choose the quickest possible process
Service life is too short	Reaming is too intense Incorrect tool chosen Incorrect front rake angle Lip clearance of the tool is incorrect	Use a coated tool Adjust tool to the work Select a tool with the correct front rake angle Correctly grind or re-sharpen the tool
Poor surface quality	Incorrect tool chosen Incorrect lubricating coolant delivery Feed rate is too high Rotation rate too low Built-up edge development Chip removal not at optimum Chips too large Tool wear	Adjust tool to the work Ensure correct lubricating coolant delivery Reduce feed rate Increase rotation speed Use tools with a greater twist angle Optimise lubricating coolant delivery Reduce machining cross-section Replace or re-sharpen tool in good time
Chatter marks on the surface	Tool run-out error Tool not stable Tool clamp unstable	Reduce run-out error Use a tool with a larger shaft Check the clamping device or replace
Extreme flank wear	Machining temperature too high Incorrect cutting material chosen	Reduce cutting speed Choose a tool made from a suitable cutting material
Too much tool wear	Incorrect cutting specifications Incorrect twist angle Conventional milling Incorrect tool	Match cutting specifications to the work Select a tool with the correct twist angle Use tool in synchronism Adjust tool to the work
Lengthways markings on the surface	Break-outs at the borehole boundary surface	Replace tool
Extreme crater wear	Cutting pressure too high Machining temperature too high	Reduce feed rate Reduce cutting speed

Sawing

Problem	Cause	Solutions
Too much wear	Teeth become blocked. Too many chips in the chip base Cut is not clean Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Select coarser tooth pitch Select finer tooth pitch and reduce cutting pressure Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition
Teeth breaking off	Poor chip removal Workpiece clamping is not stable Teeth catch in the working material	Select coarser tooth pitch Securely clamp the workpiece Select finer tooth pitch
Circular saw blade breakag	Blunt circular saw blade Incorrect point positioning	Replace or re-sharpen circular saw blade in good time Circular saw blade must already be running before it is placed onto the material to be cut
Sticking and jamming saw blade	Incorrect feed rate Insufficient lubricating coolant delivery Incorrect lubricating coolant composition	Adjust feed rate to material and conditions Ensure good lubricating coolant delivery Ensure correct lubricating coolant composition

Ongoing Clearances

C8	C9	C10	C11	CD7	D7	D8	D9	D10	D11	D12	E7	E8	E9	EF8	F7	F8
1,07	1,07	1,08	1,10	1,04	1,02	1,03		1,04	1,06	1,08	1,02	1,02	1,03	1,02	1,01	1,01
2,07	2,07	2,08	2,10	2,04	2,02	2,03		2,04	2,06	2,08	2,02	2,02	2,03	2,02	2,01	2,01
3,07	3,07	3,08	3,10	3,04	3,02	3,03		3,04	3,06	3,08	3,02	3,02	3,03	3,02	3,01	3,01
4,08	4,09			4,05	4,04	4,04	4,05	4,306	4,08	4,10		4,03	4,04	4,03		4,02
5,08	5,09			5,05	5,04	5,04	5,05	5,06	5,08	5,10		5,03	5,04	5,03		5,02
6,08	6,09			6,05	6,04	6,04	6,05	6,06	6,08	6,10		6,03	6,04	6,03		6,02
7,09	7,10			7,06	7,05	7,05	7,06	7,08	7,10		7,03	7,04	7,05	7,03	7,02	7,03
8,09	8,10			8,06	8,05	8,05	8,06	8,08	8,10		8,03	8,04	8,05	8,03	8,02	8,03
9,09	9,10			9,06	9,05	9,05	9,06	9,02	9,10		9,03	9,04	9,05	9,03	9,02	9,03
10,09	10,10			10,06	10,05	10,05	10,06	10,08	10,10		10,03	10,04	10,05	10,03	10,02	10,03
					11,06		11,08	11,10			11,04	11,05	11,06			11,03
					12,06		12,08	12,10			12,04	12,05	12,06			12,03

F9	F10	G6	G7	H5	H6	H7	H8	H9	H10	H11	H12	H13	J6	J7	J8	JS7
1,02			1,01	1,00	1,00		1,01		1,02	1,04	1,06	1,09	1,00	1,00	1,00	1,00
2,02			2,01	2,00	2,00		2,01		2,02	2,04	2,06	2,09	2,00	2,00	2,00	2,00
3,02			3,01	3,00	3,00		3,01		3,02	3,04	3,06	3,09	3,00	3,00	3,00	3,00
4,03	4,04	4,01	4,01	4,00	4,00		4,01	4,02	4,03	4,05	4,08		4,00	4,00	4,00	4,00
5,03	5,04	5,01	5,01	5,00	5,00		5,01	5,02	5,03	5,05	5,08		5,00	5,00	5,00	5,00
6,03	6,04	6,01	6,01	6,00	6,00		6,01	6,02	6,03	6,05	6,08		6,00	6,00	6,00	6,00
	7,05	7,01	7,01	7,00	7,00	7,01	7,01	7,02	7,04	7,06	7,10		7,00	7,00	7,00	7,00
	8,05	8,01	8,01	8,00	8,00	8,01	8,01	8,02	8,04	8,06	8,10		8,00	8,00	8,00	8,00
	9,05	9,01	9,01	9,00	9,00	9,01	9,01	9,02	9,04	9,06	9,10		9,00	9,00	9,00	9,00
	10,05	10,01	10,01	10,00	10,00	10,01	10,02	10,02	10,04	10,06	10,10		10,00	10,00	10,00	10,00
11,04	11,06	11,01		11,00		11,01	11,02	11,03	11,05	11,07			11,00	11,00	11,00	11,00
12,04	12,06	12,01		12,00		12,01	12,02	12,03	12,05	12,07			12,00	12,00	12,00	12,00

JS8	JS9	K6	K7	K8	M6	M7	M8	N6	N7	N8	P6	P7	P8	R6	R7	S6
1,00	1,00			0,99			0,99	0,99	0,99	0,99	0,99	0,99	0,99			0,98
2,00	2,00			1,99			1,99	1,99	1,99	1,99	1,99	1,99	1,99			1,98
3,00	3,00			2,99			2,99	2,99	2,99	2,99	2,99	2,99	2,99			2,98
4,00	4,00	4,00	4,00	4,00	3,99		3,99	3,99	3,99	3,99			3,98			3,98
5,00	5,00	5,00	5,00	5,00	4,99		4,99	4,99	4,99	4,99			4,98			4,98
6,00	6,00	6,00	6,00	6,00	5,99		5,99	5,99	5,99	5,99			5,98			5,99
7,00			7,00	7,00	6,99	6,99	6,99		6,99	6,99				6,98	6,98
8,00			8,00	8,00	7,99	7,99	7,99		7,99	7,99				7,98	7,98
9,00			9,00	9,00	8,99	8,99	8,99		8,99	8,99				8,98	8,98
10,00			10,00	10,00	9,99	9,99	9,99		9,99	9,99				9,98	9,98
11,00			11,00	11,00	10,99	10,99	10,99		10,99	10,99	10,98	10,98	10,97			10,97
12,00			12,00	12,00	11,99		11,99		11,99	11,99	11,98	11,98	11,97			11,97

S7	U6	U7	X7	X8	X9	Z7	Z8	Z9	Z10	ZA7	ZA8	ZB8	ZB9
0,98	0,98	0,98		0,97	0,97	0,97	0,97		0,96	0,96		0,95	0,95
1,98	1,98	1,98		1,97	1,97	1,97	1,97		1,96	1,96		1,95	1,95
2,98	2,98	2,98		2,97	2,97	2,97	2,97		2,96	2,96		2,95	2,95
3,98			3,97		3,96	3,96	3,96	3,95	3,95	3,95		3,94	3,94
4,98			4,97		4,96	4,96	4,96	4,95	4,95	4,95		4,94	4,94
5,98			5,97		5,96	5,96	5,96	5,95	5,95	5,95		5,94	5,94
	6,97	6,97		6,96	6,95	6,95	6,95		6,94	6,94	6,94		6,92
	7,97	7,97		7,96	7,95	7,95	7,95		7,94	7,94	7,94		7,92
	8,97	8,97		8,96	8,95	8,95	8,95		8,94	8,94	8,94		8,92
	9,97	9,97		9,96	9,95	9,95	9,95		9,94	9,94	9,94		9,92
10,97			10,96	10,95		10,95	10,94		10,93		10,93	10,90	10,90
11,97			11,96	11,95		11,95	11,94		11,93		11,93	11,90	11,90

Tolerances and Clearances

Clearances by Diameter (consecutive)
Diameter / mm	Clearances
0,95	ZB8	ZB9
0,96	Z10	ZA7
0,97	X8	X9	Z7	Z8
0,98	K8	S6	S7	U7
0,99	M8	N6	N7	N8	P6	P7	P8	K8

1,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9
1,01	F7	F8	G7	H8
1,02	D7	E7	E8	EF8	F9	H10
1,03	D8	E9
1,04	CD7	D10	H11
1,05
1,06	D11	H12
1,07	C8	C9
1,08	C10	D12
1,09	H13
1,10	C11
1,95	ZB8	ZB9
1,96	Z10	ZA7
1,97	X8	X9	Z7	Z8
1,98	S6	S7	U6	U7
1,99	K8	M8	N6	N7	N8	P6	P7	P8

2,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9
2,01	F7	F8	G7	H8
2,02	D7	E7	E8	EF8	F9	H10
2,03	D8	E9
2,04	CD7	D10	H10
2,05
2,06	D11	H12
2,07	C8	C9
2,08	C10	D12
2,09	H13
2,10	C11
2,95	ZB8	ZB9
2,96	Z10	ZA7
2,97	X8	X9	Z7	Z8
2,98	S6	S7	U6	U7
2,99	K8	M8	N6	N7	N8	P6	P7	P8

3,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9
3,01	F7	F8	G7	H8
3,02	D7	E7	E8	EF8	F9	H10
3,03	D8	E9
3,04	CD7	D10	H11
3,05
3,06	D11	H12
3,07	C8	C9
3,08	C10	D12
3,09	H13
3,10	C11
3,94	ZB8	ZB9
3,95	Z9	Z10
3,96	X9	Z7	Z8	ZA7
3,97	X7
3,98	P8	S6	S7
3,99	M6	M8	N6	N7	N8

4,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9	K6	K7	K8
4,01	G6	G7	H8
4,02	F8	H9
4,03	E8	EF8	F9	H10
4,04	D7	D8	E9	F10
4,05	CD7	D9	H11
4,06	D10
4,07
4,08	C8	D11	H12
4,09	C9
4,10	D12
4,94	ZB8	ZB9
4,95	Z9	Z10
4,96	X9	Z7	Z8	ZA7
4,97	X7
4,98	P8	S6	S7
4,99	M6	M8	N6	N7	N8

5,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9	K6	K7	K8
5,01	G6	G7	H8
5,02	F8	H9
5,03	E8	EF8	F9	H10
5,04	D7	D8	E9	F10
5,05	CD7	D9	H11
5,06	D10
5,07
5,08	C8	D11	H12
5,09	C9
5,10	D12
5,94	ZB8	ZB9
5,95	Z9	ZB9
5,96	X9	Z7	Z8	ZA7
5,97	X7
5,98	P8	S6	S7
5,99	M6	M8	N6	N7	N8

6,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	JS9	K6	K7	K8
6,01	G6	G7	H8
6,02	F8	H9
6,03	E8	EF8	F9	H10
6,04	D7	D8	E9	F10
6,05	CD7	D9	H11
6,06	D10
6,07
6,08	C8	D11	H12
6,09	C9
6,10	D12
6,92	ZB9
6,94	Z10	ZA7	ZA8
6,95	X9	Z7	Z8
6,96	X8
6,97	U6	U7
6,98	R6	R7
6,99	M6	M7	M8	N7	N8

7,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	K7	K8
7,01	G6	G7	H7	H8
7,02	F7	H9
7,03	E7	EF8	F8
7,04	E8	H10
7,05	D7	D8	E9	F10
7,06	CD7	D9	H11
7,07
7,08	D10
7,09	C8
7,10	C9	D11	H12
7,92	ZB9
7,94	Z10	ZA7	ZA8
7,95	X9	Z7	Z8
7,96	X8
7,97	U6	U7
7,98	R6	R7
7,99	M6	M7	M8	N7	N8

8,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	K7	K8
8,01	G6	G7	H7	H8
8,02	F7	H9
8,03	E7	EF8	F8
8,04	E8	H10
8,05	D7	D8	E9	F10
8,06	CD7	D9	H11
8,07
8,08	D10
8,09	C8
8,10	C9	D11	H12
8,92	ZB9
8,94	Z10	ZA7	ZA8
8,95	X9	Z7	Z8
8,96	X8
8,97	U6	U7
8,98	R6	R7
8,99	M6	M7	M8	N7	N8

9,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	K7	K8
9,01	G6	G7	H7	H8
9,02	D10	F7	H9
9,03	E7	EF8	F8
9,04	E8	H10
9,05	D7	D8	E9	F10
9,06	CD7	D9	H11
9,07
9,08
9,09	C8
9,10	C9	D11	H12
9,92	ZB9
9,94	Z10	ZA7	ZA8
9,95	X9	Z7	Z8
9,96	X8
9,97	U6	U7
9,98	R6	R7
9,99	M6	M7	M8	N7	N8

10,00	H5	H6	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	K7	K8
10,01	G6	G7	H7
10,02	F7	H8	H9
10,03	E7	EF8	F8
10,04	E8	H10
10,05	D7	D8	E9	F10
10,06	CD7	D9	H11
10,07
10,08	D10
10,09	C8
10,10	C9	D10	H12
10,90	ZB8	ZB9
10,93	Z10	ZA8
10,94	Z8
10,95	X8	Z7
10,96	X7
10,97	P8	S6	S7
10,98	P6	P7
10,99	M6	M7	M8	N7	N8

11,00	H5	J6	J7	J8	JS7	JS8	K7	K8
11,01	G6	H7
11,02	H8
11,03	F8	H9
11,04	E7	F9
11,05	E8	H10
11,06	D7	E9	F10
11,07	H11
11,08	D9
11,09
11,10	D10
11,90	ZB8	ZB9
11,93	Z10	ZA8
11,94	Z8
11,95	X8	Z7
11,96	X7
11,97	P8	S6	S7
11,98	P6	P7
11,99	M6	M8	N7	N8

Core Hole Table

Metric ISO thread DIN 13
M	PITCH	THREAD CUTTER	FORMING TAP
1,0	0,25	0,75	0,90
1,1	0,25	0,85	1,00
1,2	0,25	0,95	1,10
1,4	0,30	1,10	1,25
1,6	0,35	1,25	1,65
1,8	0,35	1,45	1,65
2,0	0,40	1,60	1,85
2,2	0,45	1,75	2,00
2,5	0,45	2,05	2,30
3,0	0,50	2,50	2,80
3,5	0,60	2,90	3,25
4,0	0,70	3,30	3,70
4,5	0,75	3,70
5,0	0,80	4,20	4,65
6,0	1,00	5,00	5,55
7,0	1,00	6,00
8,0	1,25	6,80	7,45
9,0	1,25	7,80
10	1,50	8,50	9,35
11	1,50	9,50
12	1,75	10,20	11,20
14	2,00	12,00	13,10
16	2,00	14,00	15,10
18	2,50	15,50	16,90
20	2,50	17,50	18,90
22	2,50	19,50
24	3,00	21,00
27	3,00	24,00
30	3,50	26,50
33	3,50	29,50
36	4,00	32,00
39	4,00	35,00
42	4,50	37,50
45	4,50	40,50
48	5,00	43,00
52	5,00	47,00
56	5,50	50,50
60	5,50	54,50
64	6,00	58,00
68	6,00	62,00

Metric ISO fine thread DIN 13
MF	PITCH	THREAD CUTTER	FORMING TAP
2,0	0,25	1,75
2,2	0,25	1,95
2,3	0,25	2,05
2,5	0,35	2,15
2,6	0,35	2,20
3,0	0,35	2,65
3,5	0,35	3,15
4,0	0,35	3,65
4,0	0,50	3,50	3,80
5,0	0,50	4,50	4,80
6,0	0,50	5,50	5,80
6,0	0,75	5,20	5,65
7,0	0,75	6,20
8,0	0,50	7,50
8,0	0,75	7,20	7,65
8,0	1,00	7,00	7,55
9,0	0,75	8,20
9,0	1,00	8,00
10	0,50	9,50
10	0,75	9,20
10	1,00	9,00	9,55
10	1,25	8,80
11	1,00	10,00
12	0,75	11,20
12	1,00	11,00	11,55
12	1,25	10,80
12	1,50	10,50	11,35
13	1,00	12,00
14	1,00	13,00
14	1,25	12,80
14	1,50	12,50	13,35
15	1,00	14,00
15	1,50	13,50
16	1,00	15,00	15,55
16	1,50	14,50	15,35
18	1,00	17,00	17,55
18	1,50	16,50	17,35
18	2,00	16,00
20	1,00	19,00	19,55
20	1,50	18,50	19,35
20	2,00	18,00
22	1,00	21,00
22	1,50	20,50	21,35
22	2,00	20,00
24	1,00	23,00
24	1,50	22,50	23,35
24	2,00	22,00
25	1,00	24,00
25	1,50	23,50
26	1,50	24,50	25,35
27	1,50	25,50
27	2,00	24,00
28	1,50	26,50	27,35
28	2,00	26,00
30	1,00	29,00
30	1,50	28,50	29,35
30	2,00	28,00
32	1,50	30,50
33	1,50	31,50
33	2,00	31,00
34	1,50	32,50
35	1,50	33,50
36	1,50	34,50
36	2,00	34,00
36	3,00	33,00
38	1,50	36,50
39	1,50	37,50
39	2,00	37,00
39	3,00	36,00
40	1,50	38,50
40	2,00	38,00
40	3,00	37,00
42	1,50	40,50
42	2,00	40,00
42	3,00	39,00
45	1,50	43,50
45	2,00	43,00
45	3,00	42,00
48	1,50	46,50
48	2,00	46,00
48	3,00	45,00
50	1,50	48,50
52	1,50	50,50
52	2,00	50,00
52	3,00	49,00
63	1,50	61,50

British Standard Whitworth thread DIN ISO 228/1
G	PITCH	THREAD CUTTER	FORMING TAP
1/8"	28	8,80	9,25
1/4"	19	11,80	12,55
3/8"	19	15,25	16,05
1/2"	14	19,00	20,05
5/8"	14	21,00
3/4"	14	24,50
7/8"	14	28,25
1"	11	30,75
1 1/8"	11	35,30
1 1/4"	11	39,25
1 3/4"	11	41,70
1 1/2"	11	45,25
1 3/4"	11	51,10
2"	11	57,00
2 1/4"	11	63,10
2 1/2"	11	72,60
2 3/4"	11	78,90
3"	11	85,30
3 1/4"	11	91,50
3 1/2"	11	97,70
3 3/4"	11	104,00
4"	11	110,40

American Coarse thread ASME B1.1
UNC	THREAT CUTTER
1-64	1,55
2-56	1,85
3-48	2,10
4-40	2,35
5-40	2,65
6-32	2,85
8-32	3,50
10-24	3,90
12-24	4,50
1/4"-20	5,10
5/16"-18	6,60
3/8"-16	8,00
7/16"-14	9,40
1/2"-13	10,80
9/16"-12	12,20
5/8"-11	13,50
3/4"-10	16,50
7/8"-9	19,50
1"-8	22,25
1 1/8"-7	25,00
1 1/4"-7	28,00
1 3/8"-6	30,75
1 1/2"-6	34,00
1 3/4"-5	39,50
2"-4 1/2	45,00
2 1/4"-4 1/2	51,50
2 1/2"-4	57,25
2 3/4"-4	63,50
3"-4	70,00
3 1/4"-4	76,20
3 1/2"-4	82,60
3 3/4"-4	88,90
4"-4	95,25

American Fine thread ASME B1.1
UNF	THREAT CUTTER
0-80	1,25
1-72	1,55
2-64	1,90
3-56	2,15
4-48	2,40
5-44	2,70
6-40	2,95
8-36	3,50
10-32	4,10
12-28	4,70
1/4"-28	5,50
5/16"-24	6,90
3/8"-24	8,50
7/16"-20	9,90
1/2"-20	11,50
9/16"-18	12,90
5/8"-18	14,50
3/4"-16	17,50
7/8"-14	20,40
1"-12	23,25
1 1/8"-12	26,50
1 1/4"-12	29,50
1 1/3"-12	32,75
1 1/2"-12	36,00

Steel conduit pipe thread DIN 40 430
Pg	NUMBER OF THREADS	THREAD CUTTER
7	20	11,40
9	18	14,00
11	18	17,25
13,5	18	19,00
16	18	21,25
21	16	27,00
29	16	35,50
36	16	45,50
42	16	52,50
48	16	58,00

American Tapered pipe thread 1:16
NPT	NUMBER OF THREADS	THREAD CUTTER	FORMING TAP	MINIMUM DEPTH
1/16"	27	6,15	5,95	12,0
1/8"	27	8,50	8,25	12,0
1/4"	18	11,00	10,75	17,5
3/8"	18	14,50	14,10	17,6
1/2"	14	17,85	17,50	22,9
3/4"	14	23,20	22,70	23,0
1"	11 1/2	29,00	28,60	27,4
1 1/4"	11,5	37,80	37,30	28,1
1 1/2"	11,5	44,00	43,40	28,4
2"	11,5	56,00	55,50	28,4

British Standard Whitworth thread BS 84
BSW	NUMBER OF THREADS	THREAD CUTTER
1/16"	60	1,15
3/32"	48	1,80
1/8"	40	2,60
5/32"	32	3,10
3/16"	24	3,60
7/32"	24	4,40
1/4"	20	5,10
5/16"	18	6,50
3/8"	16	7,90
7/16"	14	9,30
1/2"	12	10,50
9/16"	12	12,00
5/8"	11	13,50
3/4"	10	16,50
7/8"	9	19,25
1"	8	22,00
1 1/8"	7	24,75
1 1/4"	7	27,75
1 3/8"	6	30,20
1 1/2"	6	33,50
1 5/8"	5	35,50
1 3/4"	5	38,50
1 7/8"	4 1/2	41,50
2"	4 1/2	44,50
2 1/4"	4	50,00
2 1/2"	4	56,60
2 3/4"	3 1/2	62,00
3"	3 1/2	68,00

Conversion Table HB/HRB/HRC

Conversion Table - Hardness
Tensile Strength	Vickers Hardness	Brinell Hardness	Rockwell Hardness
MPA (=N/mm2)	HV10	HB	HRB	HRF	HRC	HRA	HRD	HR15N	HR30N	HR45N
255	80	76,0
270	85	80,7	41,0
285	90	85,5	48,0	82,6
305	95	90,2	52,0
320	100	95,0	56,2	87,0
335	105	99,8
350	110	105	62,3	90,5
370	115	109
385	120	114	66,7	93,6
400	125	119
415	130	124	71,2	96,4
430	135	128
450	140	133	75,0	99,0
465	145	138
480	150	143	78,7	101,4
495	155	147
510	160	152	81,7	103,6
530	165	156
545	170	162	85,0	105,5
560	175	166
575	180	171	87,1	107,2
595	185	176
610	190	181	89,5	108,7
625	195	185
640	200	190	91,5	110,1
660	205	195	92,5
675	210	199	93,5	111,3
690	215	204	95,0	112,4
705	220	209	95,0	112,4
720	225	214	96,0
740	230	219	96,7	113,4
755	235	223
770	240	228	98,1	114,3	20,3	60,7	40,3	63,6	41,7	19,9
785	245	233			21,3	61,2	41,1	70,1	42,5	21,1
800	250	238	99,5	115,1	22,2	61,6	41,7	70,6	43,4	22,2
820	255	242			23,1	62,0	42,2	71,1	44,2	23,2
835	260	247	101		24,0	62,4	43,1	71,6	45,0	24,3
850	265	252			24,8	62,7	43,7	72,1	45,7	25,2
865	270	257	102		25,6	63,1	44,3	72,6	46,4	26,2
880	275	261			26,4	63,5	44,9	73,0	47,2	27,1
900	280	266	104		27,1	63,8	45,3	73,4	47,8	27,9
915	285	271			27,8	64,2	46,0	73,8	48,4	28,7
930	290	276	105		28,5	64,5	46,5	74,2	49,0	29,5
950	295	280			29,2	64,8	47,1	74,6	49,7	30,4
965	300	285			29,8	65,2	47,5	74,9	50,2	31,1
995	310	295			31,0	65,8	48,4	75,6	51,3	32,5
1030	320	304			32,2	66,4	49,4	76,2	52,3	33,9
1060	330	314			33,3	67,0	50,2	76,8	53,6	35,2
1095	340	323			34,4	67,6	51,1	77,4	54,4	36,5
1125	350	333			35,5	68,1	51,9	78,0	55,4	36,5
1155	360	342			36,6	68,7	52,8	78,6	56,4	39,1
1190	370	352			37,7	69,2	53,6	79,2	57,4	40,4
1220	380	361			38,8	69,8	54,4	79,8	58,4	41,7
1255	390	371			39,8	70,3	55,3	80,3	59,3	42,9
1290	400	380			40,8	70,8	56,0	80,8	60,2	44,1
1320	410	390			41,8	71,4	56,8	81,4	61,1	45,3
1350	420	399			42,7	71,8	57,5	81,8	61,9	46,4
1385	430	409			43,6	72,3	58,2	82,3	63,7	47,4
1420	440	418			44,5	72,8	58,8	82,8	63,5	49,4
1485	460	437			46,1	73,6	60,1	83,6	64,9	50,4
1520	470	447			46,9	74,1	60,7	83,9	65,7	51,3
1555	480	456			47,7	74,5	61,3	84,3	66,4	52,2
1595	490	466			48,4	74,9	61,6	84,7	67,1	53,1
1630	500	475			49,1	75,3	62,2	85,0	67,7	53,9
1665	510	485			49,8	75,7	62,9	85,4	68,3	54,7
1700	520	494			50,5	76,1	63,5	85,7	69,0	55,6
1740	530	504			51,1	76,7	64,4	86,3	70,0	57,0
1810	550	523			52,3	77,0	64,8	86,6	70,5	57,8
1845	560	532			53,0	77,4	65,4	86,9	71,2	58,6
1880	570	542			53,6	77,8	65,8	87,2	71,7	59,3
1920	580	551			54,1	78,0	66,2	87,5	72,1	59,9
1955	590	561			54,7	78,4	66,7	87,8	72,7	60,5
1995	600	570			55,2	78,6	67,0	88,0	73,2	61,2
2030	610	580			55,7	78,9	67,5	88,2	73,7	61,7
2070	620	589			56,3	79,2	67,9	88,5	74,2	62,4
2105	630	599			56,8	79,5	68,3	88,8	74,6	63,0
2145	640	608			57,3	79,8	68,7	89,0	75,1	63,5
2189	650	519			57,8	80,0	69,0	89,2	75,5	64,1
	660				58,3	80,3	69,4	89,5	75,9	64,7
	670				58,8	80,6	69,8	89,7	76,4	65,3
	680				59,2	80,8	70,1	89,8	76,8	65,7
	690				59,7	81,1	70,5	90,1	77,2	66,2
	700				60,1	81,3	70,8	90,3	77,6	66,7
	720				61,0	81,8	71,5	90,7	78,4	67,7
	740				61,8	82,2	72,1	91,0	79,1	68,6
	760				62,5	82,6	72,6	91,2	79,7	69,4
	780				63,3	83,0	73,3	91,5	80,4	70,2
	800				64,0	83,4	73,8	91,8	81,1	71,0
	820				64,7	83,8	74,3	92,1	81,7	71,8
	840				65,3	84,1	74,8	92,3	82,2	72,2
	860				65,9	84,4	75,3	92,5	82,7	73,1
	880				66,4	84,7	75,7	92,7	83,1	73,6
	900				67,0	85,0	76,1	92,9	83,6	74,2

Conversion Table Inches to Metric

Conversion Table Inches to Metric
Diameter
Inches	mm	Inches	mm
.314	8,0	3.000	76,2
.375	9,5	3.149	80,0
.393	10,0	3.500	88,9
.472	12,0	3.937	100,0
.500	12,7	4.000	101,6
.625	15,9	4.921	125,0
.630	16,0	5.000	127,0
.750	19,1	6.000	152,4
.787	20,0	6.299	160,0
.875	22,2	7.000	177,8
.984	25,0	7.874	200,0
1.000	25,4	8.000	203,2
1.259	32,0	9.842	250,0
1.500	38,1	10.000	254,0
1.968	50,0	12.000	304,8
2.000	50,8	12.401	315,0
2.480	63,0	14.000	355,5
2.500	63,5	15.748	400,0

Speed & Feed Rate

Description	Formula	Key
Rotation speed		D = diameter f = feed rate fz= tooth feed rate n = rotation speed vc = cutting speed vf = feed rate speed z = number of teeth π = 3,14159...
Cutting speed
Feed rate per tooth
Feed rate per rotation
Feed rate speed

Strength, power and momentum in machining

Description	Formula	Key
ONLY FOR DRILLING INTO SOLID MATERIALS		D = external diameter fc = cutting force fcz= cutting force per tooth Md = torque Pa = driving power Pc = cutting performance ap = cutting depth b = chip width d = internal diameter D1max = max. external diameter d2 = internal diameter f = feed rate fz = tooth feed rate fB = process factor: drilling fSE = process factor: countersinking h = chip thickness kc = specific cutting force vc = cutting speed z = number of teeth η = level of efficiency
Cutting force per tooth
Cutting performance
Torque
ONLY FOR COUNTERBORING AND COUNTERSINKING
Cutting force per tooth
Cutting performance
Torque

Milling

Description	Formula	Key
Chip volumes over time		Dc= cutting diameter ae= radial cutting width ap= axial cutting depth fz= tooth feed rate De= effective cutting diameter vc= cutting speed Q = chip volumes over time I = working length Vf= feed rate speed hm= average chip thickness kr= cut entering angle Pa= driving power kc= specific cutting force ηmt = level of efficienc Tc= processing time
Average chip thickness (Face and step milling) wenn a_e / D_c ≤ 0.1
Driving power
Average chip thickness wenn a_e / D_c ≥ 0.1
Processing time

Mathematical determination of the cutting specifications for thread milling

Description	Formula	Key
ONLY FOR MILLING		n = spindle rotation speed vc = cutting speed d = milling cutter diameter D = internal thread diameter vf = feed rate at contour vfm = feed rate at centre Ueint= programmed immersion feed rate fz= feed rate per tooth z = milling cutter cutting rate
Milling external contour
Milling internal contour
Straight immersion
Immerse in the circular arc

Formulae

Symbol	Description	Metric
R_th	Roughness depth	mm

TECHNOLOGY

USEFUL TIPS & TRICKS FOR YOUR TOOLS

Technology

Tips & Tricks

Tables

Formulas

Tips & Tricks

ARE YOU HAVING PROBLEMS USING THE TOOLS?

Drilling

Thread Cutting

Reaming

Milling

Sawing

Ongoing Clearances

Tolerances and Clearances

Core Hole Table

Conversion Table HB/HRB/HRC

Conversion Table Inches to Metric

Speed & Feed Rate

Strength, power and momentum in machining

Milling

Mathematical determination of the cutting specifications for thread milling

Formulae

Technology

Tips & Tricks

Tables

Formulas

Tips & Tricks

ARE YOU HAVING PROBLEMS USING THE TOOLS?

Drilling

Thread Cutting

Reaming

Milling

Sawing

Ongoing Clearances

Tolerances and Clearances

Core Hole Table

Conversion Table HB/HRB/HRC

Conversion Table Inches to Metric

Speed & Feed Rate

Strength, power and momentum in machining

Milling

Mathematical determination of the cutting specifications for thread milling

Formulae